Class wallpapers

Amazing photographic tricks

Amazing photography

By KARTIK RAWAL
Look @ amazing Adobe Photoshop tricks used by me..............!!!!!!

By  KARTIK RAWAL

By KARTIK RAWAL

Stalacmites of Sirohi

Stalacmite's @ Matar Mata Ji

This photograph is captured by Kartik Rawal of sirohi. It was captured on 4/8/2013 with my Frnds, gone to enjoy there and as well to pray............!

Photographed by KARTIK RAWAL

Types of Tobacco Consumption

Consumption

Further information: Tobacco products

Tobacco is consumed in many forms and through a number of different methods. Below are examples including, but not limited to, such forms and usage.

Beedi are thin, often flavored cigarettes from India made of tobacco wrapped in a tendu leaf, and secured with colored thread at one end.

Chewing tobacco is the oldest way of consuming tobacco leaves. It is consumed orally, in two forms: through sweetened strands, or in a shredded form. When consuming the long sweetened strands, the tobacco is lightly chewed and compacted into a ball. When consuming the shredded tobacco, small amounts are placed at the bottom lip, between the gum and the teeth, where it is gently compacted, thus it can often be called dipping tobacco. Both methods stimulate the saliva glands, which led to the development of the spittoon.

Cigars are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco, which is ignited so its smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth.

Cigarettes are a product consumed through inhalation of smoke and manufactured from cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, then rolled into a paper cylinder.

Creamy snuffs are tobacco paste, consisting of tobacco, clove oil, glycerin, spearmint, menthol, and camphor, and sold in a toothpaste tube. It is marketed mainly to women in India, and is known by the brand names Ipco (made by Asha Industries), Denobac, Tona, Ganesh. It is locally known as "mishri" in some parts of Maharashtra.

Dipping tobaccos are a form of smokeless tobacco. Dip is occasionally referred to as "chew", and because of this, it is commonly confused with chewing tobacco, which encompasses a wider range of products. A small clump of dip is 'pinched' out of the tin and placed between the lower or upper lip and gums.

Gutka is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, and sweet or savory flavorings. It is manufactured in India and exported to a few other countries. A mild stimulant, it is sold across India in small, individual-size packets.

Hookah is a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-based) water pipe for smoking. Originally from India, the hookah has gained immense popularity, especially in the Middle East. A hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. It can be used for smoking herbal fruits or moassel, a mixture of tobacco, flavouring and honey or glycerin.

Kreteks are cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves and a flavoring "sauce". It was first introduced in the 1880s in Kudus, Java, to deliver the medicinal eugenol of cloves to the lungs.

Roll-Your-Own, often called rollies or roll ups, are very popular, particularly in European countries. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers and filters all bought separately. They are usually much cheaper to make.

Pipe smoking typically consists of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the tobacco to be smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit). Shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the chamber and ignited.

Snus is a steam-cured moist powder tobacco product that is not fermented, and does not induce salivation. It is consumed by placing it in the mouth against the gums for an extended period of time. It is a form of snuff used in a manner similar to American dipping tobacco, but does not require regular spitting. Snuff is a ground smokeless tobacco product, inhaled or "snuffed" through the nose. If referring specifically to the orally consumed moist snuff see dipping tobacco.

Topical tobacco paste is sometimes recommended as a treatment for wasp, hornet, fire ant, scorpion, and bee stings. An amount equivalent to the contents of a cigarette is mashed in a cup with about a 0.5 to 1 teaspoon of water to make a paste that is then applied to the affected area.

Tobacco water is a traditional organic insecticide used in domestic gardening. Tobacco dust can be used similarly. It is produced by boiling strong tobacco in water, or by steeping the tobacco in water for a longer period. When cooled, the mixture can be applied as a spray, or 'painted' on to the leaves of garden plants, where it kills insects. Tobacco is however banned from use as pesticide in certified organic production.[

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POY 2013
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Cultivation of Tabacco

Cultivation

Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds were at first quickly scattered onto the soil. However, young plants came under increasing attack from flea beetles (Epitrix cucumeris or Epitrix pubescens), which caused destruction of half the tobacco crops in United States in 1876. By 1890, successful experiments were conducted that placed the plant in a frame covered by thin cotton fabric. Today, tobacco is sown in cold frames or hotbeds, as their germination is activated by light.

In the United States, tobacco is often fertilized with the mineral apatite, which partially starves the plant of nitrogen, to produce a more desired flavor.

After the plants are about eight inches tall, they are transplanted into the fields. Farmers used to have to wait for rainy weather to plant. A hole is created in the tilled earth with a tobacco peg, either a curved wooden tool or deer antler. After making two holes to the right and left, the planter would move forward two feet, select plants from his/her bag, and repeat. Various mechanical tobacco planters like Bemis, New Idea Setter, and New Holland Transplanter were invented in the late 19th and 20th centuries to automate the process: making the hole, watering it, guiding the plant in — all in one motion.

Tobacco is cultivated annually, and can be harvested in several ways. In the oldest method still used today, the entire plant is harvested at once by cutting off the stalk at the ground with a tobacco knife. It is then speared onto sticks, four to six plants a stick and hung in a curing barn. In the 19th century, bright tobacco began to be harvested by pulling individual leaves off the stalk as they ripened. The leaves ripen from the ground upwards, so a field of tobacco harvested in this manner will involve the serial harvest of a number of "primings," beginning with the volado leaves near the ground, working to the seco leaves in the middle of the plant, and finishing with the potent ligero leaves at the top. Before this the crop needs to be topped when the pink flowers develop. Topping always refers to the removal of the tobacco flower before the leaves are systematically removed and, eventually, entirely harvested. As the industrial revolution took hold, harvesting wagons used to transport leaves were equipped with man-powered stringers, an apparatus that used twine to attach leaves to a pole. In modern times, large fields are harvested mechanically, although topping the flower and in some cases the plucking of immature leaves is still done by hand. Most tobacco in the U.S. is grown in North Carolina, Kentucky, and Virginia.

Curing

Curing and subsequent aging allow for the slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco leaves, and gives a sweet hay, tea, rose oil, or fruity aromatic flavor that contributes to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Starch is converted to sugar, which glycates protein, and is oxidized into advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a caramelization process that also adds flavor. Inhalation of these AGEs in tobacco smoke contributes to atherosclerosis and cancer.[38] Levels of AGEs are dependent on the curing method used.

Tobacco can be cured through several methods, including:

Air cured tobacco is hung in well-ventilated barns and allowed to dry over a period of four to eight weeks. Air-cured tobacco is low in sugar, which gives the tobacco smoke a light, mild flavor, and high in nicotine. Cigar and burley tobaccos are 'Dark' air cured.[39]

Fire cured tobacco is hung in large barns where fires of hardwoods are kept on continuous or intermittent low smoulder and takes between three days and ten weeks, depending on the process and the tobacco. Fire curing produces a tobacco low in sugar and high in nicotine. Pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, and snuff are fire cured.

Flue cured tobacco was originally strung onto tobacco sticks, which were hung from tier-poles in curing barns (Aus: kilns, also traditionally called Oasts). These barns have flues run from externally fed fire boxes, heat-curing the tobacco without exposing it to smoke, slowly raising the temperature over the course of the curing. The process generally takes about a week. This method produces cigarette tobacco that is high in sugar and has medium to high levels of nicotine.

Sun-cured tobacco dries uncovered in the sun. This method is used in Turkey, Greece and other Mediterranean countries to produce oriental tobacco. Sun-cured tobacco is low in sugar and nicotine and is used in cigarettes.

NOTE: Coloured ones are Important about this Post(Tobacco)

WelcOme

IF it HeLp u anY wAy

Agro Based Industries

Agro - Based Industries

Sugar Industry

The sugar industry is the most important industry among the various agro-based industries in Maharashtra. The life of approximately 2.5 crore of people in the rural areas is dependent on this industry. Almost Rs. 2200 crore worth revenue is collected from the sugar industry alone. In the process of sugar production, almost 5000 people are involved, right from the cultivation of sugarcane to the delivery of sugar in the market. One sugar factory means employment for 5000 personnel. These figures substantiate the importance of sugar industry in Maharashtra. There are total 202 registered sugar factories (including some that are either closed or in financial difficulties), with a turnover of approximately 12,000 crore of rupees. There is an increase in the production of sugar every year and in 2007, it reached an all-time high of almost 850 lakh tonnes.

The sugar factories in Maharashtra have a 60-year old tradition. Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe-Patil established the first co-operative sugar factory in Ahmednagar district. Dhananjayrao Gadgil, the senior expert in co-operative sector, Vasantdada Patil, Tatyasaheb Kore to name a few and many others have also contributed to the growth of cooperative sector in Maharashtra.

The cooperative sugar factories in the State have not just remained an industry, but they have become a movement. This movement not only led to the industrial development of the State but also gave Maharashtra many of its social and political leaders. The establishment of sugar factories led to speedy development of basic amenities in its neighbourhood. It also led to the tradition of starting major educational complexes just next to the sugar factories. Many irrigation schemes, lift irrigation as well as many schools, colleges, hospitals and other social-welfare schemes were implemented by these sugar factories. This led to social as well as educational development along with industrial progress of the State.

Allied Products

 The sugar industry also creates many by-products. Approximately 28-30 tons of crushed sugarcane, 4 tons of scum, 3 tons of distilled mess and almost 0.3 tons of ashes are the by-products after crushing 100 tons of sugarcane. These secondary by-products become the raw material for other industries.

Sugarcane and sugar production in  Maharashtra

year	Area cultivating sugarcane (1’000 hectares)	Production of sugarcane (tonnes per hectare)	Sugar production (lakh tonnes)	Sugar (%)	Sugar Factories (Number)
1980-81	256	92.00	28.85	11.07	82
1990-91	440	96.52	41.17	10.76	102
2000-01	590	576*	67.2	11.7	140
2001-2002	N/A	480*	55.8	11.2	127*
2002-2003	N/A	534*	62.0	N/A	159

 1999 – 2000 figures.   • Sugarcane Production (lakh tons)    *13 Factories closed

 (Reference – Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune Handbook and Maharashtra Times)

The sugar factories in Maharashtra are also concentrating on diverse fields like alcohol, chemicals and paper industries. 6 sugar factories in the State have used crushed sugarcane, while two other sugar factories have used bio-gas to produce electricity through cogeneration.

 The sugar factories in the State have also contributed to an all-round development in the rural areas by encouraging and engaging in various activities like building machines to produce bio-gas, digging wells, building public lavatories, producing animal-feed, poultry and horticulture.

Textile Industry

 The textile industry using modern methods started in Maharashtra 150 years ago. The first cotton mill was started in Mumbai in 1854. This cotton mill is considered the first mill in the country.

 Mumbai is the biggest centre of the textile industry in Maharashtra. As the city is close to the sea, its humid climate is suitable for the production of textiles. This is why the textile industry has centred in Mumbai on a large scale. Specific types of textiles are also produced in Nashik, Kolhapur, Sangli, Solapur and Nagpur. For example, Paithani Saris and Peetambars from Yeole (Nashik), blankets from Solapur, as well as cotton textiles from Nagpur. Ichalkaranji (Kolhapur) and Malegaon (Nashik) are also famous for handloom and machine loom.

Animal Husbandry

 Animal husbandry plays an important role in the rural economy of Maharashtra. Animals like cows, buffaloes, bullocks, goats, sheep and hens have an important place in rural economics. In the year 2007-08, this sector had 24% share in the agricultural income of the gross State product. The density of animal resources is 120 per sq km (according to the 2007 livestock census).

 Other agro-based industries include the dairy industry. The dairy industry has become a regular source of income throughout the year, which is why it has been accepted as a supplementary industry to farming. 65% of farmers in the State are involved in the dairy industry. Mahanand, Gokul and Warana are some of the major as well as popular names in this sector. This sector creates opportunities for employment in the aspects of production, processing, transport and cattle rearing.

Animal Husbandry and Poultry

Production	Measure	2006-07	2007-08*	Percent Growth
Milk	1000 metric tonnes	6978	7187	3.0
Eggs	Crore	340	351	3.2
Meat	1000 metric tonne	243	250	2.9
Wool	Lakh kg	16.67	16.96	1.7

                                                                            * provisional

In the year 2006-07, this sector had 21% share in the agricultural income of the gross State product. According to the 2003 livestock census, there were 3.71 crore animals in the State.

Silk Industry

 The climate in the State is suitable for the silk industry and there is great scope for further development in this sector leading to greater employment generation. Maharashtra ranks first in the country in the production of silk using non-traditional methods and 5th in the total production of silk. Mulberry silk development programme is being run in 23 districts while the Tussar silk development programme is being run in four districts, namely, Gadchiroli, Chandrapur, Bhandara and Gondia.

Fisheries

 Maharashtra has the benefit of the Konkan coastline that extends up to 720 km. Salt water fishery is an important business of Konkan. Dahanu, Mahim, Vasai, Versova, Alibaug, Murud-Janjira, Shrivardhan, Dabhol, Ratnagiri, Shirod, Harne and Vengurle are important fisheries centres. The Surmai, Pomfret, Prawns, Bangda, Ravas and Halva type of fish are found off the Konkan coastline. Besides this, fresh water fishing is carried out in rivers, lakes and the backwaters of dams. Fish is an important food item of the diet of people in the State. Fish is also used for production of oil, cosmetics and fertilizers.

 Salt water fishing is carried out over an area of 9.12 lakh sq km, fresh water fishing over an area of 3.01 lakh hectares while semi salt water fishing is over an area of 0.19 lakh hectares.

         

H@ppy 2 help u

Learning Ms-Excel

Learning Ms-Excel

Some basic tips as follows:

Rule :-

1.          View – Print Layout

2.          Zoom – Pagewith

Increase Font Size – ctrl + ]

Derease Font Size – ctrl + [

Save        - ctrl + s

Undo       - ctrl + z

FILE MENU

New (File menu)

Creates a new, blank file.

Open (File menu)

Opens or finds a file.

Close (File menu)

Closes the active file without exiting the program. If the file contains any unsaved changes, you will be prompted to save the file before closing. In Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel, you can close all open files by holding down SHIFT and clicking Close All on the File menu.

Save (File menu)

Saves the active file with its current file name, location, and file format.

Save As (File menu)

Saves the active file with a different file name, location, or file format. In Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel, and Word, you can also use this command to save a file with a password or to protect a file so that others cannot change its contents.

Save As Web Page (File menu)

Saves the file in HTML format (a Web page), so that it can be viewed in a Web browser, and sets other options such as the Web page title and location where the file will be saved.

Save Workspace

Saves a list of the open workbooks, their sizes, and their positions on the screen to a workspace file so that the screen will look the same the next time you open the workspace file.

Search

Finds files, Web pages, and Outlook items based on the search criteria you enter.

Web Page Preview

Allows you to preview the current file as a Web page in your browser so that you can see how it will look before publishing it.

Page Setup (File menu)

Sets margins, paper source, paper size, page orientation, and other layout options for the active file.

Set Print Area

Defines the selected range as the print area, which is the only portion of the worksheet that will be printed.

Clear/Reset Print Area

Deletes the print area in the active sheet.

Print Preview (File menu)

Shows how a file will look when you print it.

Print (File menu)

Prints the active file or selected items. To select print options, on the File menu, click Print.

Properties (File menu)

Displays the property sheet for the active file.

Exit (File menu)

Closes this program after prompting you to save any unsaved files.

EDIT MENU

Undo (Edit menu)

Reverses the last command or deletes the last entry you typed. To reverse more than one action at a time, click the arrow next the Undo button, and then click the actions you want to undo. The command name changes to Can't Undo if you cannot reverse the last action.

Redo

Reverses the action of the Undo command. To redo more than one action at a time, click the arrow next the Redo button, and then click the actions you want to redo.

Cut (Edit menu)

Removes the selection from the active document and places it on the Clipboard.

Copy

Copies the selection to the Clipboard.

Paste (Edit menu)

Inserts the contents of the Clipboard at the insertion point, and replaces any selection. This command is available only if you have cut or copied an object, text, or contents of a cell.  For special paste options, click the down arrow next to the button.

Paste Special (Edit menu)

Pastes, links, or embeds the Clipboard contents in the current file in the format you specify.

Paste as Hyperlink

Inserts the contents of the Clipboard as a hyperlink at the insertion point, replacing any selection. This command is available only if you have cut or copied the contents of a cell or data from another program.

FIL ---- Down

Copies the contents and formats of the topmost cells of a selected range into the cells below. To fill a selected range up instead of down, click Down on the Fill sub menu of the Edit menu.

FIL ---- Right

Copies the contents and formats of the leftmost cell or cells of a selected range into the cells to the right. To fill the selection to the left instead of the right, click Right on the Fill sub menu of the Edit menu.

FIL ---- Up

Copies the contents and formats of the bottom cell or cells of a selected range into the upper cells of the range. Copied contents and formats replace existing contents and formats.

FIL ---- Left

Copies the contents and formats of the rightmost cell or cells of a selected range into the cells to the left. Copied contents and formats replace existing contents and formats.

FIL ---- Series

Fills the selected range of cells with one or more series of numbers or dates. The contents of the first cell or cells in each row or column of the selection are used as the starting values for the series.

FIL ---- Justify

Redistributes the text contents of cells to fill the selected range. Numbers or formulas cannot be filled and justified. Except for the left column, cells in the range should be blank.

Clear All (Edit menu)

Removes all cell contents and formatting, including comments and hyperlinks, from selected cells.

Clear  Formats

Removes only the formatting from your selection; the content and comments are unchanged.

Clear  Contents

Removes the cell contents (data and formulas) from selected cells without affecting cell formats or comments.

Clear  Comments

Removes only the comments attached to selected cells; cell contents and formats are unchanged.

Delete

Removes the selected object. In Outlook, removes the selected item from the view and moves it to the Deleted Items folder.

Delete Sheet

Deletes the selected sheets from the workbook. You cannot undo this command.

Move or Copy Sheet

Moves or copies the selected sheets to another workbook or to a different location within the same workbook.

Find (Edit menu)

Searches selected cells or sheets for the characters you specify, and selects the first cell that contains those characters.

Replace

Searches for and replaces the specified text and formatting.

Go To (Edit menu)

In Microsoft Excel, scrolls through the worksheet and selects the cell, range, or cells with special characteristics you specify.

In Microsoft Word, moves the insertion point to the item you want to go to. You can move to a page number, comment, footnote, bookmark, or other location.

Links (Edit menu)

Displays or changes information for each link in the current file, including the name and location of the source file, the item, the type, and whether the link is updated automatically or manually. This command is unavailable if the current file contains no links to other files.

Edit Object

Activates the application in which the selected object was created so you can edit the object in place.

VIEW MENU

Normal

Switches to normal view, which is the default view for most tasks in Microsoft Excel, such as entering data, filtering, charting, and formatting.

Page Break Preview

Switches the active worksheet to page break preview, which is an editing view that displays your worksheet as it will print. In page break preview, you can move page breaks by dragging them left, right, up, or down. Microsoft Excel automatically scales the worksheet to fit the columns and rows to the page.

Formula Bar

Displays or hides the formula bar.

Status Bar

Shows or hides the status bar.

Header and Footer (View menu)

Adds or changes the text that appears at the top and bottom of every page or slide.

Comments (View menu)

In Word, displays all comments ¾ made by all reviewers ¾ in the comment pane.

In Microsoft Excel, turns display of comments on the worksheet on or off.

Custom Views

Creates different views of a worksheet. A view provides an easy way to see your data with different display options. You can display, print, and store different views without saving them as separate sheets.

Full Screen (View menu)

Hides most screen elements so that you can view more of your document. To switch back to your previous view, click  Full Screen or press ESC.

Zoom (View menu)

Controls how large or small the current file appears on the screen.

INSERT MENU

Insert Cells

Inserts cells starting at the insertion point. You can choose to shift other cells in the table to the right or down. You can also insert an entire row or column.

Insert Rows

Inserts the number of cells, rows, or columns you select. In Word, this command is available only when you've selected one or more end-of-cell marks.

Insert Columns (Table command)

Inserts the number of cells, rows, or columns you select. In Word, this command is available only when you've selected one or more end-of-cell marks.

Worksheet

Inserts a new worksheet to the left of the selected sheet.

Chart Wizard

Starts the Chart Wizard, which guides you through the steps for creating an embedded chart on a worksheet or modifying an existing chart.

Symbol (Insert menu)

Inserts symbols and special characters from the fonts that are installed on your computer.

Page Break

Inserts a page break above a selected cell. This command changes to Remove Page Break if you have a cell selected that is adjacent to a manually inserted page break.

Define

Creates a name for a cell, range, or constant or computed value that you can use to refer to the cell, range, or value.

Paste

Inserts the selected name into the formula bar. If the formula bar is active and you begin a formula by typing an equal sign (=), clicking Paste pastes the selected name at the insertion point. If the formula bar is not active, double-clicking a name in the Paste Name box pastes an equal sign (=) followed by the selected name into the formula bar.

Create

Creates names by using labels in a selected range.

Apply

Searches formulas in the selected cells and replaces references with names defined for them, if they exist.

Label

Uses predefined label ranges so that Microsoft Excel can automatically apply text labels to your formulas.

Comment

Inserts a comment at the insertion point.

Clip Art

Opens the Clip Gallery where you can select the clip art image you want to insert in your file or update your clip art collection. In PowerPoint, this command is available only in slide and notes views.

Picture From File (Insert menu)

Inserts an existing picture in the active file at the insertion point.

From Scanner or Camera

Loads an image by using a scanner or digital camera and then inserts the resulting picture at the insertion point.

AutoShapes Menu

Displays the AutoShape categories you can insert. Click an AutoShape category, click the AutoShape you want, and then click or drag in the active window where you want to insert the AutoShape. To draw an AutoShape that retains its default height-to-width ratio, hold down SHIFT while you drag.

Insert WordArt

Creates text effects by inserting a Microsoft Office drawing object.

Object (Insert menu)

Inserts an object ¾ such as a drawing, WordArt text effect, or an equation ¾ at the insertion point.

Hyperlink

Inserts a new hyperlink or edits the selected hyperlink.

FORMAT MENU

Cells

Applies formats to the selected cells. This command might not available if the sheet is protected.

Row Height

Changes the height of the selected rows. You need to select only one cell in a row to change the height for the entire row. In Microsoft Excel, this command is not available if the worksheet is protected.

Row  AutoFit

Adjusts the row height to the minimum necessary to display the height of the tallest cell in the selection. If you change the  cell contents later, you must fit the selection again. This 

 command may not be available if the sheet is protected.

Row Hide

Hides the selected rows or columns. Hiding rows or columns

does not delete them from the worksheet.

Row Unhide

Displays rows or columns in the current selection that were previously hidden.

Column Width

Changes the width of the selected columns. You need to

select only one cell in a column to change the width for the entire column. In Microsoft Excel, this command is not

available if the worksheet is protected.

Column AutoFit Selection

Adjusts the column width to the minimum necessary to display the contents of the selected cells. If you change the cell

contents later, you must fit the selection again. This command might not be available if the sheet is protected.

Column  Hide

Hides the selected rows or columns. Hiding rows or columns does not delete them from the worksheet.

Column Unhide

Displays rows or columns in the current selection that were previously hidden.

Column Standard Width

Changes the standard width of columns on a worksheet. This command is not available if the sheet is protected.

Sheet Rename

Renames the active sheet.

Sheet Hide

Hides the active sheet. The sheet remains open and accessible to other sheets, but it is not visible

. You can't hide the only visible sheet in a workbook.

Sheet Unhide

Displays any hidden sheets.

Sheet Background

Inserts a tiled graphic image in the worksheet background, based on the bitmap you select.

AutoFormat (Format menu)

Applies a built-in combination of formats, called an autoformat, to a cell range or a PivotTable report. If a single cell is selected, Microsoft Excel automatically selects the range surrounded by blank cells and applies the autoformat to that range. If the selection is part of a PivotTable report, the entire table, except for the page fields, is selected and formatted. This command is not available if the sheet is protected.

Conditional Formatting

Applies formats to selected cells that meet specific criteria based on values or formulas you specify.

Style (Format menu)

Defines or applies to the selection a combination of formats, called a style.

Tools menu

Spelling (Tools menu)

Checks spelling in the active document, file, workbook, or item.

Speech (Tools menu)

Sets up and customizes speech recognition for dictating text, as well as selecting menu, toolbar, and dialog box items.

Shared Workbooks

Switches to shared workbook mode, which allows you and other users on your network to edit and save changes to the same workbook.

Highlight Changes

Highlights changes to cell contents in a shared workbook, including moved and pasted contents and inserted and deleted rows and columns.

Track Changes Accept or Reject Changes (Tools menu)

Finds and selects each tracked change in a document so that you can review, accept, or reject the change.

Merge Workbooks

Combines changes from multiple copies of a shared workbook into one workbook.

Protect Sheet

Prevents changes to cells on worksheets, items in a chart, graphic objects on a worksheet or chart sheet, or code in a Visual Basic Editor form.

Protect Workbook

Protects a workbook's structure and windows. You can prevent changes to the structure of a workbook so that sheets can't be deleted, moved, hidden, unhidden, or renamed, and new sheets can't be inserted. You can also protect windows from being moved or resized.

When the active document is protected, the command name changes to Unprotect Workbook.

Protect for Sharing

Protects the sharing and change history tracking in a shared workbook so the features can't be turned off. If you select this check box and click OK when the workbook isn't a shared workbook, you're asked if you want to save it as a shared workbook. In a workbook that's already shared, you can turn on protection for sharing and the change history, but you can't assign a password for this protection. To assign a password, you must first remove the workbook from shared use.

When the active shared workbook is protected, the command name changes to Unprotect for Sharing.

Goal Seek

Adjusts the value in a specified cell until a formula that is dependent on that cell reaches a target value.

Scenarios

Creates and saves scenarios, which are sets of data you can use to view the results of what-if analyses.

Trace Precedents

Draws tracer arrows from the cells that supply values directly to the formula in the active cell (precedents). To trace the cells that supply values indirectly to the formula in the active cell, click the Trace Precedents button again.

Trace Dependents

Draws a tracer arrow to the active cell from formulas that depend on the value in the active cell. To add additional levels of indirect dependents, click the Trace Dependents button again.

Remove All Arrows

Removes all tracer arrows from the worksheet.

Record New Macro

Records a series of actions as a macro that you can later "play back."

Macros

Opens the Macros dialog box, where you can run, edit, or delete a macro. Use Record New Macro     to record a series of actions as a macro, or click Visual Basic Editor to write a macro.

Add-Ins

Specifies which add-ins are automatically available when you start Microsoft Office. You can load or unload add-ins that come with Microsoft Office as well as add-in programs that you create.

AutoCorrect Options (Tools menu)

Sets the options used to correct text automatically as you type, or to store and reuse text and other items you use frequently.

Customize

Customizes toolbar buttons, menu commands, and shortcut key assignments.

Options (Tools menu)

Modifies settings for Microsoft Office programs such as screen appearance, printing, editing, spelling, and other options.

Data

Sort

Arranges the information in selected rows or lists alphabetically, numerically, or by date.

AutoFilter

The quickest way to select only those items you want to display in a list.

Advanced Filter

Filters data in a list so that only the rows that meet a condition you specify by using a criteria range are displayed.

Form

Displays a data form in a dialog box. You can use the data form to see, change, add, delete, and find records in a list or database.

Subtotals

Calculates subtotal and grand total values for the labeled columns you select. Microsoft Excel automatically inserts and labels the total rows and outlines the list.

Validation

Defines what data is valid for individual cells or cell ranges; restricts the data entry to a particular type, such as whole numbers, decimal numbers, or text; and sets limits on the valid entries.

Table

Creates a data table based on input values and formulas you define. Data tables can be used to show the results of changing values in your formulas.

Convert Text to Table

Converts the selected text to a table.

Consolidate

Summarizes the data from one or more source areas and displays it in a table.

Group

Defines the selected rows or columns of detail data as a group in an outline, so you can summarize the data. If you have not created an outline, this command creates one for you.

In a PivotTable or PivotChart report, this command groups items in a field to create a single item from multiple items; for example, you can group days, weeks, months, or other dates into quarters.

Ungroup

Removes selected rows or columns from a group on an outlined worksheet.

In a PivotTable or PivotChart report, this command separates each instance of a group into the items contained in the group; for example, it separates quarters into the original individual dates.

PivotTable and PivotChart Report

Starts the PivotTable and PivotChart Wizard, which guides you through creating or modifying a PivotTable or PivotChart report.

Window menu

New Window (Window menu)

Opens a new window with the same contents as the active window so you can view different parts of a file at the same time.

Arrange (Window menu)

Displays all open files in separate windows on the screen. The Arrange command makes it easier to drag between files.

Hide

Hides the active workbook window. A hidden window remains open.

Unhide

Displays hidden workbook windows.

Split (Window menu)

Splits the active window into panes, or removes the split from the active window.

Freeze Panes

Freezes the top pane, the left pane, or both on the active worksheet. Use the Freeze Panes button to keep column or row titles in view while you're scrolling through a worksheet. Freezing titles on a worksheet does not affect printing.

Help

Office Assistant

The Office Assistant provides Help topics and tips to help you accomplish your tasks.

Show or hide the Office Assistant

Displays or removes the Office Assistant from view.

What’s this

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About Microsoft Program

Displays the version number of this Microsoft program; copyright, legal, and licensing notices; the user and organization name; the software serial number; and information about your computer and your operating system.

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